What are diamonds made of? 

Diamonds are made of carbon, which is a fundamental element found in all living and non-living matter.  

Diamonds are a form of pure carbon that has crystallized under high pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth's mantle. 

The carbon atoms that make up diamonds are arranged in a unique crystal lattice structure that gives diamonds their characteristic hardness, luster, and optical properties. 

In addition to the carbon atoms, diamonds can also contain small amounts of impurities, such as nitrogen or boron, which can affect the diamond's color and other properties. 

These impurities can also be used to distinguish natural diamonds from synthetic diamonds, as the impurity levels in natural diamonds are typically different from those in synthetic diamonds. 

How are diamonds formed? 

Most diamonds are formed at depths of 150-200 kilometers (93-124 miles) below the Earth's surface, where temperatures can reach as high as 1,200 degrees Celsius (2,200 degrees Fahrenheit) and pressures can be more than 725,000 pounds per square inch. Diamonds were formed billions of years ago, and they were brought to the Earth's surface by volcanic eruptions and other geological processes. 

Diamonds are found in various parts of the world, including Africa, Australia, Canada, Russia, and South America. The first diamond mines were established in India more than 2,500 years ago, and diamonds have been treasured for their beauty and value throughout history. Today, diamonds are used in jewelry, cutting tools, and a variety of industrial applications. 

How old are natural diamonds? 

The age of natural diamonds can vary widely depending on their specific geological origins. Most natural diamonds are believed to be billions of years old, dating back to the Precambrian era, which began over 4 billion years ago and ended around 541 million years ago. 

The age of a diamond can be determined through a variety of methods, including radiometric dating, which involves measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes within the diamond. Other methods involve analyzing the diamond's inclusions or impurities, which can provide clues about the diamond's age and origin. 

Some of the oldest known diamonds are believed to be over 3 billion years old and have been found in various parts of the world, including Canada, Australia, and South Africa.